From: Harold I. Kaplan & Benjamin J. Sadock: Modern Synopsis of Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/IV, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1985. p. 176-177.

 8.2 Typical Signs and Symptoms of Psychiatric Illness

 [In this chapter a range of ‘typical signs and symptoms of psychiatric illness’ is classified in 7 categories: consciousness, emotion, motor behavior (conation), thinking, perception, memory and intelligence. MS]

 (...)

 II. Emotion: A complex feeling state with psychic, somatic, and behavioral compo­nents that is related to affect and mood.

 A. Affect: the subjective and immediate experience of emotion attached to ideas. Affect has outward manifestations.

l. Inappropriate affect: disharmony between the emotional feeling tone and the idea, thought, or speech accompanying it.

2. Appropriate affect: emotional tone in harmony with the accompanying idea, thought, or speech.

3. Blunted affect: a disturbance in affect manifestated by a severe re­duction in the intensity of exter­nalized feeling tone.

4. Flat affect: absence or near ab­sence of any signs of affective expression.

5. Labile affect: rapid changes in emotional feeling tone, unrelated to external stimuli.

 B. Mood.: a pervasive or sustained emo­tion

1. Dysphoric mood: an unpleasant mood

2. Euthymic mood: normal range mood

3. Expansive mood: expression of one's feelings without restraint

4. Irritable mood: easily annoyed and provoked to anger

5. Mood swings: oscillations between periods of euphoria and depression or anxiety

6. Elation: air of confidence and en­joyment associated with increased motor activity

7. Exaltation: intense elation with feelings of grandeur

8. Ecstasy: feeling of intense rapture

9. Depression: psychopathological feeling of sadness

10. Grief or mourning: sadness appro­priate to a real loss

11. Alexithymia: inability or difficulty in describing or being aware of one's emotions or moods

 C. Other emotions

1. Anxiety: feeling of apprehension due to unconscious conflicts

2. Fear: anxiety due to consciously  recognized and realistic danger

3. Agitation: anxiety associated with severe motor restlessness

4. Tension: increased motor and psychological activity that is unpleasant

5. Panic: acute intense attack of anxiety associated with personality disorganization

6. Free-floating anxiety: pervasive fear not attached to any idea

7. Apathy: dulled emotional tone associated with detachment or indifference

8. Ambivalence: coexistence of two opposing impulses toward the same thing in the same person at the same time

9. Depersonalization: feeling of unreality concerning oneself or one's environment

10. Derealization: distortion of spatial relationships so that the environment becomes unfamiliar

11. Aggression: forceful goal-directed action that may be verbal or physical and that is the motor counterpart of the affect of rage, anger, or hostility